Environmental aspects of oil and gas production

Author/Creator:

Robertson, John O., author

Publication/Creation:

Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, 2017

Format:

Book

Edition:

1st ed.

More Details

Additional/Related Title Information

Full Title:

Environmental aspects of oil and gas production / John O. Robertson and George V. Chilingar

Related Names

Additional Author/Creators:

Chilingar, George V., 1929-, author

Subjects/Genre

Subjects:

Petroleum industry and trade--Environmental aspects
Gas fields--Production methods--Environmental aspects
Oil fields--Production methods--Environmental aspects

Description/Summary

Table of Contents:

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Environmental Concerns -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Evaluation Approach -- 1.3 Gas Migration -- 1.3.1 Paths of Migration for Gas -- 1.3.2 Monitoring of Migrating Gases -- 1.3.3 Identification of Biological vs. Thermogenic Gases -- 1.4 Underground Gas Storage Facilities -- 1.5 Subsidence -- 1.6 Emissions of Carbon Dioxide and Methane -- 1.7 Hydraulic Fracturing -- 1.7.1 Orientation of the Fracture -- 1.8 Oil Shale -- 1.9 Corrosion -- 1.10 Scaling -- 1.11 Conclusion -- References and Bibliography -- 2 Migration of Hydrocarbon Gases -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Geochemical Exploration for Petroleum -- 2.3 Primary and Secondary Migration of Hydrocarbons -- 2.3.1 Primary Gas Migration -- 2.3.2 Secondary Gas Migration -- 2.3.3 Gas Entrapment -- 2.4 Origin of Migrating Hydrocarbon Gases -- 2.4.1 Biogenic vs. Thermogenic Gas -- 2.4.1.1 Sources of Migrating Gases -- 2.4.1.2 Biogenic Methane -- 2.4.1.3 Thermogenic Methane Gas -- 2.4.2 Isotopic Values of Gases -- 2.4.3 Nonhydrocarbon Gases -- 2.4.4 Mixing of Gases -- 2.4.5 Surface Gas Sampling -- 2.4.6 Summary -- 2.5 Driving Force of Gas Movement -- 2.5.1 Density of a Hydrocarbon Gas under Pressure -- 2.5.2 Sample Problem (Courtesy of Gulf Publishing Company) -- 2.5.3 Other Methods of Computing Natural Gas Compressibility -- 2.5.4 Density of Water -- 2.5.5 Petrophysical Parameters Affecting Gas Migration -- 2.5.6 Porosity, Void Ratio, and Density -- 2.5.7 Permeability -- 2.5.8 Free and Dissolved Gas in Fluid -- 2.5.9 Quantity of Dissolved Gas in Water -- 2.6 Types of Gas Migration -- 2.6.1 Molecular Diffusion Mechanism -- 2.6.2 Discontinuous-Phase Migration of Gas -- 2.6.3 Minimum Height of Gas Column Necessary to Initiate Upward Gas Movement -- 2.6.4 Buoyant Flow -- 2.6.5 Sample Problem (Courtesy of Gulf Publishing Company).
2.6.6 Gas Columns -- 2.6.7 Sample Problem 2.2 (Courtesy of Gulf Publishing Company) -- 2.6.8 Continuous-Phase Gas Migration -- 2.7 Paths of Gas Migration Associated with Oilwells -- 2.7.1 Natural Paths of Gas Migration -- 2.7.2 Man-Made Paths of Gas Migration (boreholes) -- 2.7.2.1 Producing Wells -- 2.7.2.2 Abandoned Wells -- 2.7.2.3 Repressured Wells -- 2.7.3 Creation of Induced Fractures during Drilling -- 2.8 Wells Leaking Due to Cementing Failure -- 2.8.1 Breakdown of Cement -- 2.8.2 Cement Isolation Breakdown (Shrinkage-Circumferential Fractures) -- 2.8.3 Improper Placement of Cement -- 2.9 Environmental Hazards of Gas Migration -- 2.9.1 Explosive Nature of Gas -- 2.9.2 Toxicity of Hydrocarbon Gas -- 2.10 Migration of Gas from Petroleum Wellbores -- 2.10.1 Effect of Seismic Activity -- 2.11 Case Histories of Gas Migration Problems -- 2.11.1 Inglewood Oilfield, CA -- 2.11.2 Los Angeles City Oilfield, CA -- 2.11.2.1 Belmont High School Construction -- 2.11.3 Montebello Oilfield, CA -- 2.11.3.1 Montebello Underground Gas Storage -- 2.11.4 Playa Del Rey Oilfield, CA -- 2.11.4.1 Playa del Rey underground Gas Storage -- 2.11.5 Salt Lake Oilfield, CA -- 2.11.5.1 Ross Dress for Less Department Store Explosion/Fire, Los Angeles, CA -- 2.11.5.2 Gilmore Bank -- 2.11.5.3 South Salt Lake Oilfield Gas Seeps from Gas Injection Project -- 2.11.5.4 Wilshire and Curson Gas Seep, Los Angeles, CA, 1999 -- 2.11.6 Santa Fe Springs Oilfield, CA -- 2.11.7 El Segundo Oilfield, CA -- 2.11.8 Honor Rancho and Tapia Oilfields, CA -- 2.11.9 Sylmar, CA - Tunnel Explosion -- 2.11.10 Hutchinson, KS - Explosion and Fires -- 2.11.11 Huntsman Gas Storage, NE -- 2.11.12 Mont Belvieu Gas Storage Field, TX -- 2.11.13 Leroy Gas Storage Facility, WY -- 2.12 Conclusions -- References and Bibliography -- 3 Subsidence as a Result of Gas/Oil/Water Production -- 3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Theoretical Compaction Models -- 3.3 Theoretical Modeling of Compaction -- 3.3.1 Terzaghi's Compaction Model -- 3.3.2 Athy's Compaction Model -- 3.3.3 Hedberg's Compaction Model -- 3.3.4 Weller's Compaction Model -- 3.3.5 Teodorovich and Chernov's Compaction Model -- 3.3.6 Beall's Compaction Model -- 3.3.7 Katz and Ibrahim Compaction Model -- 3.4 Subsidence Over Oilfields -- 3.4.1 Rate of Subsidence -- 3.4.2 Effect of Earthquakes on Subsidence -- 3.4.3 Stress and Strain Distribution in Subsiding Areas -- 3.4.4 Calculation of Subsidence in Oilfields -- 3.4.5 Permeability Seals for Confined Aquifers -- 3.4.6 Fissures Caused by Subsidence -- 3.5 Case Studies of Subsidence over Hydrocarbon Reservoirs -- 3.5.1 Los Angeles Basin, CA, Oilfields, Inglewood Oilfield, CA -- 3.5.1.1 Baldwin Hills Dam Failure -- 3.5.1.2 Proposed Housing Development -- 3.5.2 Los Angeles City Oilfield, CA -- 3.5.2.1 Belmont High School Construction -- 3.5.3 Playa Del Rey Oilfield, CA -- 3.5.3.1 Playa Del Rey Marina Subsidence -- 3.5.4 Torrance Oilfield, CA -- 3.5.5 Redondo Beach Marina Area, CA -- 3.5.6 Salt Lake Oilfield, CA -- 3.5.7 Santa Fe Springs Oilfield, CA -- 3.5.8 Wilmington Oilfield, Long Beach, CA -- 3.5.9 North Stavropol Oilfield, Russia -- 3.5.10 Subsidence over Venezuelan Oilfields -- 3.5.10.1 Subsidence in the Bolivar Coastal Oilfields of Venezuela -- 3.5.10.2 Subsidence of Facilities -- 3.5.11 Po-Veneto Plain, Italy -- 3.5.11.1 Po Delta -- 3.5.12 Subsidence Over the North Sea Ekofisk Oilfield -- 3.5.12.1 Production -- 3.5.12.2 Ekofisk Field Description -- 3.5.12.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery Projects -- 3.5.13 Platform Sinking -- 3.6 Concluding Remarks -- References and Bibliography -- 4 Effect of Emission of CO2 and CH4 into the Atmosphere -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Historic Geologic Evidence -- 4.2.1 Historic Record of Earth's Global Temperature.
4.2.2 Effect of Atmospheric Carbon Content on Global Temperature -- 4.2.3 Sources of CO2 -- 4.3 Adiabatic Theory -- 4.3.1 Modeling the Planet Earth -- 4.3.2 Modeling the Planet Venus -- 4.3.3 Anthropogenic Carbon Effect on the Earth's Global Temperature -- 4.3.4 Methane Gas Emissions -- 4.3.5 Monitoring of Methane Gas Emissions -- References -- 5 Fracking -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Studies Supporting Hydraulic Fracturing -- 5.3 Studies Opposing Hydraulic Fracturing -- 5.4 The Fracking Debate -- 5.5 Production -- 5.5.1 Conventional Reservoirs -- 5.5.2 Unconventional Reservoirs -- 5.6 Fractures: Their Orientation and Length -- 5.6.1 Fracture Orientation -- 5.6.2 Fracture Length/Height -- 5.7 Casing and Cementing -- 5.8 Blowouts -- 5.8.1 Surface Blowouts -- 5.8.2 Subsurface Blowouts -- 5.9 Horizontal Drilling -- 5.10 Fracturing and the Groundwater Contamination -- 5.11 Pre-Drill Assessment -- 5.12 Basis of Design -- 5.13 Well Construction -- 5.13.1 Drilling -- 5.13.2 Completion -- 5.13.3 Well Operations -- 5.13.4 Well Plug and Abandonment P&amp -- A -- 5.14 Summary -- 5.15 Failure and Contamination Reduction -- 5.15.1 Conduct Environmental Sampling Before and During Operations -- 5.15.2 Disclose the Chemicals Used in Fracking Operations -- 5.15.3 Ensure that Wellbore Casings are Properly Designed and Constructed -- 5.15.4 Eliminate Venting and Work toward Green Completions -- 5.15.5 Prevent Flowback Spillage/Leaks -- 5.15.6 Dispose/Recycle Flowback Properly -- 5.15.7 Minimize Noise and Dust -- 5.15.8 Protect Workers and Drivers -- 5.15.9 Communicate and Engage -- 5.15.10 Record and Document -- 5.16 Frack Fluids -- 5.17 Common Fracturing Additives -- 5.18 Typical Percentages of Commonly Used Additives -- 5.19 Chemicals Used in Fracking -- 5.20 Proppants -- 5.20.1 Silica Sand -- 5.20.2 Resin-Coated Proppant -- 5.20.3 Manufactured Ceramics Proppants.
5.20.4 Other Types of Proppants -- 5.21 Slickwater -- 5.22 Direction of Flow of Frack Fluids -- 5.23 Subsurface Contamination of Groundwater -- 5.23.1 Water Analysis -- 5.23.2 Possible Sources of Methane in Water Wells -- 5.24 Spills -- 5.24.1 Documentation -- 5.25 Other Surface Impacts -- 5.26 Land Use Permits -- 5.27 Water Usage and Management -- 5.27.1 Flowback Water -- 5.27.2 Produced Water -- 5.27.3 Flowback and Produced Water Management -- 5.28 Earthquakes -- 5.29 Induced Seismic Event -- 5.30 Wastewater Disposal Wells -- 5.31 Site Remediation -- 5.31.1 Regulatory Oversight -- 5.31.2 Federal Level Oversight -- 5.31.3 State Level Oversight -- 5.31.4 Municipal Level Oversight -- 5.32 Examples of Legislation and Regulations -- 5.33 Frack Fluid Makeup Reporting -- 5.33.1 FracFocus -- 5.34 Atmospheric Emissions -- 5.35 Air Emissions Controls -- 5.35.1 Common Sources of Air Emissions -- 5.35.2 Fugitive Air Emissions -- 5.36 Silica Dust -- 5.36.1 Stationary Sources -- 5.37 The Clean Air Act -- 5.38 Regulated Pollutants -- 5.38.1 NAAQS Criteria Pollutants -- 5.39 Attainment versus Non-attainment -- 5.40 Types of Federal Regulations -- 5.41 MACT/NESHAP -- 5.42 NSPS Regulations: 40 CFR Part 60 -- 5.42.1 NSPS Subpart OOOO -- 5.42.2 Facilities/Activities Affected by NSPS OOOO -- 5.43 Construction and Operating New Source Review Permits -- 5.44 Title V Permits -- 5.45 Chemicals and Products on Locations -- 5.46 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) -- 5.47 Contents of an MSDS -- 5.48 Conclusion -- State Agency Web Addresses -- References -- Bibliography -- 6 Corrosion -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Definitions -- 6.2.1 Corrosion -- 6.2.2 Electrochemistry -- 6.2.3 Electric Potential -- 6.2.4 Electric Current -- 6.2.5 Resistance -- 6.2.6 Electric Charge -- 6.2.7 Electrical Energy -- 6.2.8 Electric Power -- 6.2.9 Corrosion Agents -- 6.3 Electrochemical Corrosion.
6.3.1 Components of Electrochemical Corrosion.

Summary:

Oil and gas still power the bulk of our world, from automobiles and the power plants that supply electricity to our homes and businesses, to jet fuel, plastics, and many other products that enrich our lives. With the relatively recent development of hydraulic fracturing ("fracking"), multilateral, directional, and underbalanced drilling, and enhanced oil recovery, oil and gas production is more important and efficient than ever before. Along with these advancements, as with any new engineering process or technology, come challenges, many of them environmental. More than just a text that outlines the environmental challenges of oil and gas production that have always been there, such as gas migration and corrosion, this groundbreaking new volume takes on the most up-to-date processes and technologies involved in this field. Filled with dozens of case studies and examples, the authors, two of the most well-known and respected petroleum engineers in the world, have outlined all of the major environmental aspects of oil and gas production and how to navigate them, achieving a more efficient, effective, and profitable operation. This groundbreaking volume is a must-have for any petroleum engineer working in the field, and for students and faculty in petroleum engineering departments worldwide.

Language:

English

Physical Type/Description:

1 online resource (543 pages)

General Note:

Includes index.

Additional Identifiers

Catalog ID (MMSID):

9936909276602486

ISBN:

9781523114856
1523114851
9781119117384
1119117380
9781119117391
1119117399
9781119117421
1119117429

OCLC Number:

989520014